Oster Dog Nail Dremel

Anatomy

Leather armor:

turtle skin is thick, dry and devoid of glands, and in some areas, such as the arts, is protected by horny scales. Most of the body is enclosed by a shell, with which the skin is in direct continuity. The shell is a rigid armor that protects the body, and also serves as an anchor for the muscles. In the Mediterranean tortoises shell is made in one piece unique, we can not distinguish various parts. The upper, dome-shaped, is called the carapace, and the lower, more or less flat, is called the plastron. The area that connects the carapace and plastron is called the bridge.

The structure of the shell:

anatomiaLa shell is made of bone, externally covered by a thin layer of substance called keratin, similar to the one that makes your fingernails and hair. The bony part of the shell is made up of many bones joined together. Some of these bones are derived from the spine, the ribs, sternum, and other bone elements, which have been completely modified to to no longer be distinguishable as such. Other parts of the armor they have not any correspondence with the bones of the skeleton, derived from bone and skin. The outer covering of the shell, made of keratin, is composed of many pieces called scuti or shields, about 38 in 18 in the plastron and carapace. Scuto Each has a specific name.

The growth of the shell:

The bony part of the shell is highly vascularized, and its growth is true both for the deposition of new bone at the margins of each bone, and an increase in thickness. In newborn animals typically are not single bones contact with each other, and meet up with growth. The scuti grow by deposition of new material in the horny layer of their entire bottom surface of bone cells on the surface of the shell. As the bone grows, these cells spread laterally, so that the bony part of it is evenly coated. In many species the growth occurs in cycles, and stops when a cycle is formed a ring around the Scuto corneum. The number of rings that form allows you to count the cycles of growth that the turtle had, but do not always coincide with the number of years. Tortoises in the superficial part scuti of mechanical abrasion wears away, it seems that the production of keratin is greater at the periphery of scuti, so that their thickness does not increase too much. There is no exact correspondence between a Scuto underlying bone. A single Scuto may cover parts of several bones, and as the animal grows the relationship between a Scuto and underlying bone may vary. The original part of Scuto, the areola, which is present at birth, tend to remain attached to the bone over which it was initially. It follows that the areola in adults often is far from the center of Scuto, therefore not in position central, and that the growth rings may be more concentrated on one side and more space to another. The edges of scuti are called sutures, and are usually clearly visible even in older individuals. These boards allow the bone beneath the deep furrows, the more obvious boundaries between the different bones.

head and extremities:

The head and limbs can be completely retracted into its shell, the tail is hidden under the edge of the carapace folded side. The spine is largely fused with the carapace and only part of the neck and tail are still free, and the insertion of many muscles limbs, tail and neck is on the inner surface of the carapace and plastron. The limbs are stocky, his fingers fused together, where only the nails are distinct. Turtles have no teeth, and sharp edges of the horny jaws form a sort of horny beak (ranfoteca) that is used to cut food into pieces that can be easily swallowed.

internal organs

The position of internal organs is quite different from that of mammals. The liver is very large, and together with the pectoral muscles and the heart occupies the front half of the visceral cavity. The stomach is similar to that of mammals and produces digestive enzymes. The intestine is different in the small intestine and colon. The pancreas and liver produce a variety of enzymes and bile salts, similar to what occurs in mammals. In reptiles, as in birds, is a structure that is lacking in mammals, the cloaca. It consists of three compartments following: the coprodeo collecting faeces, urodeo which receives the ducts of the urogenital tract and proctodeo that serves as a common gathering room before disposal. The cloaca opens out with a longitudinal slot in the queue. The food intake and digestion rate is very dependent on temperature. The animals kept in a terrarium too cold usually stop eating. If the reptile must be made to spend the winter low temperature is important that the last food intake was completely digested and that the intestinal tract is completely empty. The lungs are very large and are coated on the dorsal and dorsolateral surface of the carapace. They have a structure similar to a sponge, very different from that of mammals in the rest position for half of the dorsal body cavity, but are reduced to a fifth when the head and four limbs are completely retracted into its shell. Since the lungs are attacked from all sides if they are not deflate points, as happens in mammals. A thin layer of connective tissue devoid of muscle separating the lungs from the underlying organs. Since the chest can not expand because of complete rigidity of the shell, respiration takes place through the action of the muscles that are located near the base of the front legs.

When these muscles contract space in the chest cavity expands and creates a negative pressure that sucks air into the lungs. To exhale, the viscera are pushed against the ventral surface of the lungs through the expansion of these muscles. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters (which carry urine produced by the kidneys) and the urinary bladder. The kidneys are located behind the trailing edge of the lungs, at the rear of the shell. In contrast to mammals does not flow into the ureters into the bladder, but in the sewer, and from there the water can then flow into the bladder, which can be used for water storage. Urine is composed of two parts, a liquid, light in color, and a solid, whitish. The emptying of the urinary bladder is a common defense mechanism when a turtle is grabbed. The female has two ovaries, located below the kidneys. When activities are increasing significantly in size, to fill a large portion of the abdominal cavity. The organs which receive the egg, and where there is the formation of the egg, are the oviducts, which terminate in the cloaca. The oviduct has the ability to store sperm deposited by the male for very long periods, in fact after a single mating, the female can lay fertile eggs after months or years. The male has two testes ovoid placed adjacent to the kidneys. The penis is used to convey the sperm into the cloaca of the female during mating, but instead contains the urethra as in mammals.